Mini tutorials · Output Noise
From scope fuzz to Vrms to noise spectral density — build the vocabulary before you compare parts or integration bands.
Trigger again — new pk-pk, same zero mean. 10 Hz–100 kHz bandwidth on the trace.
Pk-pk is a lottery; Vrms is σ of the Gaussian — the number specs and ADCs care about.
(v₁+v₂)² → v₁² + v₂² + 2v₁v₂; the cross term dies, the squares don’t.
Plot nV/√Hz vs frequency — square, integrate under the band, take √ for Vrms.
Overlay parts, drag the integration band, compare integrated RMS — live capstone.